Working memory and other cognitive functions in children and young people can be associated with how successful they are on the soccer field, according to a new study.
Researchers at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden note that clubs that focus too much on physical attributes risk overlooking future stars.
Physical attributes such as size, fitness and strength, in combination with ball control, have long been considered critical factors in the hunt for new talent in soccer — or football, as it is known in most of the world.
The third, slightly elusive factor of “game intelligence” — to always be at the right place at the right time — has been difficult to measure.
In 2012, researchers at the Karolinska Institutet provided a possible scientific explanation for the phenomenon, and showed that executive cognitive functions in adult players could be associated with their success on the soccer field.
In a new study, published in the scientific journal PLOS ONE, the researchers show that cognitive faculties can be similarly quantified and linked to how well children and young people do in the game.
“This is interesting since football clubs focus heavily on the size and strength of young players,” said study leader Dr. Predrag Petrovic of Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience. “Young players who have still to reach full physical development rarely get a chance to be picked as potential elite players, which means that teams risk missing out on a new Iniesta or Xavi.”
Executive functions are special control functions in the brain that allow us to adapt to an environment in a perpetual state of change, the researchers explain. They include creative thinking in order to quickly switch strategy, find new, effective solutions, and repress erroneous impulses. The functions are dependent on the brain’s frontal lobes, which continue to develop until the age of 25.
For the new study, the researchers measured certain executive functions in 30 elite players between the ages of 12 and 19, and then cross-referenced the results with the number of goals they scored during two years. The metrics were taken in part using the same standardized tests used in healthcare.
Strong results for several executive functions were found to be associated with success on the field, even after controlling for other factors that could conceivably affect performance, according to the study’s findings.
The clearest link was seen for simpler forms of executive function, such as working memory, which develops relatively early in life.
“This was expected since cognitive function is less developed in young people than it is in adults, which is probably reflected in how young people play, with fewer passes that lead to goals,” said Petrovic.
The young elite players also performed significantly better than the average population in the same age group on several tests of executive function, the study discovered.
Whether these faculties are inherited or can be trained remains the object of future research, as does the importance of the different executive functions for the various positions on the field, the researchers said.
“We think that the players’ positions on the pitch are linked to different cognitive profiles,” Petrovic said. “I can imagine that trainers will start to use cognitive tests more and more, both to find talented newcomers and to judge the position they should play in.”
Source: Karolinska Institutet
